Cause and pathogenesis of diabetes

The etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes are complex, not yet completely clear that the traditional doctrine that the following factors: First, genetic factors It is universally acknowledged that diabetes is a hereditary disease, genetic studies have shown that the incidence of diabetes in the family of origin and non-blood relatives in a significant difference in the former than the latter than 5 times. Ⅰ type of diabetes in the cause of the importance of genetic factors to 50% in diabetes-Ⅱ in the importance of its more than 90%, so Ⅱ type of diabetes caused by genetic factors, diabetes was significantly higher than Ⅰ type. Second, the spirit of the factors Over the past decade, Chinese and foreign scholars to confirm the spirit of a factor in the occurrence of diabetes, development, accompanied by the spirit of that tension, excitement and a variety of emotional stress, lead to increased blood sugar in a large number of hormone secretion, such as growth Hormone, norepinephrine, glucagon and ACTH, and so on. Third, obesity factors At present, that obesity is an important diabetes-induced as a result, about 60% -80% of adult patients with diabetes incidence in the former are obese, the degree of obesity and diabetes incidence was directly proportional to show that there is basic research material: with age Growth, decreasing physical activity, the body fat and muscle ratio has changed as well. Since the 25-year-old to 75 years old, muscle tissue decreased by weight accounted for 47% to 36%, while the fat from 20% to 36%, the Department of the elderly, especially elderly people fat and more fat in diabetes increased One of the main reasons. Fourth, long-term over-feeding Instead of eating too much restraint, nutrition, already have a potential function of the lower insulin β cell burden, and induced diabetes. Now at home and abroad have also formed a "life of the more affluent, more plump body, the more increase in diabetes". In recent years, with diabetes research and the deepening of understanding, from molecular biology, ultrastructure electron microscopy, immunology, biochemistry and other physiological point of control for cable, and the cause of diabetes pathogenesis and new Understanding. V. Infection Juvenile diabetes and HIV infection have a significant relationship between infection themselves will not trigger diabetes, can only make the invisible other than a significant diabetes. VI pregnancy Experts found that the number of pregnancies and the incidence of diabetes, so many easy pregnancy-induced weakening of the genetic factors of diabetes. Seven genetic factors Diabetes is the current scientific view that several genes from damage caused by: Ⅰ diabetes --- the sixth human chromosome to the short arm of the gene HLA-D injury; Ⅱ type 2 diabetes - insulin gene, insulin receptor gene, glucose solution Enzyme genes and mitochondrial DNA damage. In short, no matter what type of diabetes, either because of genetic susceptibility and the incidence or environmental factors, the incidence of HIV infection, are in the final analysis, caused by damaged genes. In other words, diabetes is a genetic disease.

Diabetic diet

Diabetic Treatment of eating 10 golden rule ① control of the total daily calorie intake to reach or maintain an ideal weight; ② a balanced diet; ③ diversification of food choices, is the basis of cereal; ④ limit fat intake; ⑤ appropriate choice of high quality protein; ⑥ to reduce or taboo monosaccharide and disaccharide food; ⑦ high dietary fiber diet; ⑧ reduce salt intake; ⑨ Shaoliangduocan adhere to, from time to time, quantitative, set meal; ⑩ water, alcohol restrictions. Patients with diabetes how to eat fruit? Some diabetics, said: "Let not even eat fruit, what the meaning of life." In fact fruits taste good, but also to add nutrients such as vitamins. So the key is how to eat. To be sure, the sugar in fruit, it must be good control of blood glucose for diabetics can eat only fruit, and glucose with more grapes, bananas, lychees, dates, and so do not eat red, Chili, peaches, strawberries, grapefruit, etc. , 1-2 a day to eat fruit can be eaten watermelon. Fruit can be eaten as snacks or meal to eat. If you can eat fruit before and two hours after eating fruit, blood sugar or urine sugar, I can understand this can not eat fruit, eat too much of it is not helpful. The methods for diabetics to eat Shaoshiduocan appropriate, not less than three meals a day, conditional on arrangements between the afternoon of drinking and eating before going to bed, that is, to ensure absorption, and reduce the burden on the islet. Breakfast less volume, am a strong break down glycogen, prone to high blood glucose after breakfast. If more than three meals a day for 1 / 5, 2 / 5, 2 / 5. Mealtime to the law. Eat snacks. Strictly enforced, for a long time. Diabetic diet prescription 1, and ensure the balance of nutrients and metabolic needs, not only for diabetics to receive treatment for a normal life, but also to maintain normal weight, maintain health and work. 2, according to the patient's degree of obesity and working to determine the total strength thermal, obesity and weight to ultra-low-calorie diet (1000-1400 kcal / day) is appropriate, the weight of the total daily calories should be increased in order to maintain normal Nutrition. 3, with a reasonable diet: to determine total calories, for the three major nutrients - carbon compound of water, protein, fat and vitamins with reasonable. 1, complex carbohydrates and the choice of material containing soluble carbohydrates such as cellulose; beans, wheat, rice, nuts, roots and the type of category. 2, to promote high-cellulose, such as food: cereals, beans, type of seaweed, green vegetables, pumpkins, and so on. 3, choose to be rich in amino acids, or the quality of higher animals, such as protein: lean meat, fish, eggs, chicken excessive, such as milk, fat intake should be appropriate fatty acids, salt intake control In 10g / day. In short, diabetes patients have to pay attention to nutritional balance in diet, dietary diversification in order to plant-based foods, restrictions on the appropriate protein, fat restricted, tobacco, alcohol and sugary drinks.

Diabetes treatment

The goal of diabetes treatment To be effective in the treatment of diabetes, must have a clear goal of diabetes treatment in order to choose the right treatment, and achieve the desired therapeutic effect. The main goal of diabetes treatment in the following areas: (1) to correct high blood sugar and high blood lipid metabolism, and so on, to sugar, protein and fat of normal metabolism. (2) to ease high blood sugar, and other metabolic disorders caused by the symptoms. (3) disease prevention and control acids, such as acute poisoning and prevention of cardiovascular complications, kidney, eye, and other chronic diseases of the nervous system and change the extension of life of patients and reduce mortality. (4) of the obese should lose weight, maintain a normal body weight to ensure that children and young people's normal growth and development to ensure that pregnant women and gestational diabetes mellitus maternal smooth delivery, the maintenance of normal adult labor force and improve the elderly's quality of life in patients with diabetes. Diabetic Treatment: Psychotherapy Many people think that diabetes treatment is diet, exercise, and medication. In fact, psychological treatment for diabetes control is very important. Optimistic about the emotional stability to maintain the stability of the internal environment of patients, and anxiety give rise to feelings of stress hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucagon secretion, which antagonist of insulin, causing blood sugar up High, so that aggravate their condition. In the right state of mind and attitude of the disease should be correct under the guidance of a doctor, the initiative to play, learn prevention and treatment of diabetes knowledge, through the urine sugar and blood sugar monitoring, and explore the impact of favorable conditions and unfavorable factors, the characteristics of their own condition, Have strong confidence and perseverance, rather than the treatment of serious tension, persistent for a reasonable diet, physical activity, not do any work. The proper use of the drug to make weight, blood sugar, urine sugar, blood sugar, blood lipid at a reasonable level. Infection, surgery, a major burden on the spirit of the time, it is necessary to correctly deal with in a timely manner. In short, through the psychological support, to achieve effective control and prevention and treatment of diabetes. The second treatment of diabetes: diet treatment Hunger breeds discontent, not necessarily exercise every day, but had to eat every day. The diet has a direct impact on diabetes, the diet is very important for the treatment of diabetes. Traditional Chinese medicine: Diabetes more alcohol as a result of Hou Wei, spleen and stomach injuries, transport of dereliction of duty, Xiao-chun consumption, Zongyushangyin and replace them with hot fat-deficiency disease. "Huang Di Nei Jing" said: "This is also made by the plump, the person must be vegetarian and she has more fat, fat people are internal heat, Gan who is in full, so the gas to overflow on Diabetes." "Jing Yue Quan Shu" said: "Diabetes, for its Zhaoduan's disease, are cream of the beam Feigan change in labor satyric of injury, disease who are rich, the poor and those who have little." Pointed out that obesity, More affluent life of this disease, which is modern medicine's understanding of the causes of diabetes in line. As a result of high or low blood sugar and insulin secretion into the number and variety of food is closely related to diet and thus is the basis for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, regardless of what type of diabetes, severity of illness or any complications, and what treatment should be For a long time and strict diet control. In the early 50's before Chinese and foreign treatment are low carbohydrate, high-fat, high-protein diet based. According to the Clinical Practice has proved that such a diet for diabetes patients are not beneficial to insulin function, diabetes and high fat diet will increase the patient's vascular disease, high-protein diet would be caused by diabetes increased the incidence of kidney disease. At present, medical experts are to promote high-carbohydrate, lower proportion of fat, protein intake of the control diet, to improve blood glucose tolerance have a good effect, the specific content of the diet are as follows: First, quantitative diet from time to time According to age, sex, occupation, weight [(length -100) × 0.9] estimated that the total daily calories. Men than women required daily calories to about 5%. The different age requirements are also differences in heat, per kilogram of body weight is generally required number of kilocalories of heat for young people> middle-aged> elderly>, the average high of 5% to 10% per kilogram of body weight / day. The different physical energy consumption per day is different. Light manual per kilogram of body weight daily calorie consumption 30 ~ 35kcal; moderate physical consumption per kilogram of body weight per day 35 ~ 40kcal heat; heavy manual per kg body weight per day to be more than 40kcal heat. In general, pregnant women, nursing mothers, malnutrition and wasting disease should be increased as appropriate, reduce it obese patients to maintain normal body weight of about 5%, the condition can often be satisfied with control. Second, the reasonable adjustment of the ratio of the three major nutrients Dietary sugar, fat and protein ratio of the three major nutrients, it is necessary and reasonable adjustment. Not only achieve the purpose of treating disease, but also to meet the body's physiological needs. At present, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) claim: Diabetes patients carbohydrate diet should be accounted for 55% of the total calories to 60%; protein intake of total daily calories should not exceed 15%. Per kilogram of body weight per day to 0.8 ~ 1.2g appropriate. The development phase of the young people and pregnant women, nursing mothers or special vocational and other complications of patients can be Zhuojia to about 1.5g; daily intake of total fat no more than 30% of total calories, per kilogram of body weight per day to 0.6 ~ 1g as well, such as obese patients, in particular, have high blood lipids or atherosclerosis, fat intake should be adjusted as the case may be. Third, restaurants and the calculation of heat calculation The supply of nutrients are the body's heat 3: protein, fat, carbohydrates. One gram of protein and carbohydrates for energy 4kcal (1kcal = 4.184kj), per gram of fat to heat 9kcal (37.74kj). Diabetes patients, according to its labor intensity will be needed per person per day, the total calories (kcal) in accordance with the 69% carbohydrate, 15% protein, fat accounted for 25% of the allocated in proportion to derive the various components of the energy supply, and then Per gram of fat thermogenesis 9kcal, carbohydrates and grams of protein per kilo thermogenesis 4 conversion of the supply of different nutritional needs of the patient's weight, three meals a day, or four meals. Three meals a day for the distribution of heat Breakfast 1 / 5, lunch and dinner each 2 / 5. Four heat distribution for the breakfast meal 1 / 7, all three of the remaining 2 / 7. For example: a middle weight 60kg manual, the normal size of adult diabetes patients, according to the daily per kilogram of body weight 40kcal heat calculation, the total calories a day for 2400kcal, according to the proportion of the allocation of more than 1440kcal calories from carbohydrates that is, 360kcal to the heat Since the protein, 600kcal from fat. These need to provide heat supply 360g carbohydrates, 90g protein, 66g fat. We stress the importance of diet to control the heat methods, not asking people with diabetes every day must be mechanically to calculate, but should be in the hands of this method of calculation, from time to time, or a sharp change in body weight when a bit of arithmetic, work out The next phase of the program of diet, deprivation and sweet, greasy food, diet choice but to seek to have the principle of diversity. Diabetic Treatment of three: the treatment of movement Movement therapy is based on the function of patients and disease characteristics, the use of physical exercise to prevent disease and enhance the body resistance to help patients overcome the disease, an effective way to recover. Movement to the physical benefits will be listed in the following training on the specific law. In the treatment of diabetes, exercise therapy is an important component of, especially for elderly patients, obese patients is more important. Traditional Chinese Medicine have long recognized the movement of the diabetes patients the importance of the Sui Dynasty, "from the source of waiting," Tang Dynasty "Taiwan Miyao," Diabetes has been documented in sports therapy. Since then, both on family medical history. To the mid-eighteenth century, a number of well-known medical experts from abroad have begun to advocate with diabetes should be appropriate to do physical activity, and physical activity, diet, insulin injections as a treatment of diabetes three magic weapons. Some diabetic patients with only light physical training and to adhere to the combination of diet that is used to achieve rehabilitation. Swimming training method 1. Swimming on human health benefits Swimming is not only the same number of sports, for a variety of chronic diseases have a certain therapeutic effect, but also its unique therapeutic value, mainly due to the following: (L) is swimming in the sun, air, cold water bath merger of three good for the sport in the natural environment, so as to concentrate the sun bath, bath and cold air on the efficacy of all people. (2) swimming training is a whole body exercise, and therefore its treatment of the disease is also a comprehensive, systemic treatment. Swimming through the training, to enhance the body's nervous system function, improve blood circulation, improve digestion and nutrient absorption, which can enhance health, enhance immunity against the disease and have received good treatment. (3) swimming training can enhance人体各器官, the function of the system, people with chronic swimming training can enhance the sound development of organs, functions, so that the organ has been weak, the function of the system have been restored and enhanced, so that the disease Treatment. (4) swimming exercise can mold, and strengthen their will, build people's struggle with nature and fighting spirit, and it also enabled the patient to overcome the disease to build confidence and overcome the fear of disease and negative psychological troubles, which is very conducive to a healthy recovery and The treatment of the disease. 2. Swimming exercise mastery Swimming training, and other people engaged in physical training project, only to grasp the scientific exercise, to make every training exercise to achieve both the purpose and will not occur over the body of fatigue and a negative response. Swimming exercise, how to master the scientific exercise it? Swimming training exercise to master a number of means, but ordinary swimming enthusiasts, the most convenient way is based on the swimmer changes in pulse, measured by the size of the exercise. China's quiet normal pulse frequency of 60-80 times per minute. Regularly participate in the swimming training, quiet and relatively slow pulse frequency, 50-60 times per minute; well-established training, some of the pulse rate is even lower. Here is an item of ordinary fans, each swimming, the pulse frequency of 120-140 times per minute, the exercise of the exercise is great exercise; frequency pulse per minute for 90 - 110 times, compared to exercise in; swimming After the exercise, the pulse has been no big change, the increase in the number of times in less than 10, compared with a small amount of exercise. The choice of swimming training exercise, to vary from person to person, according to our capability. Here is an item of ordinary fans, even young, hard week of training should not be more than 2 times; are middle-aged and the middle of the exercise is appropriate and not excessive exercise or less of the swimming training; The elderly the most appropriate amount of exercise in small and medium-sized small amount of exercise of the swimming training. Jogging exercise law Running is a convenient and flexible training methods, suitable for all ages, has increasingly become one of the means of disease prevention fitness. 1. Running & Fitness (1) exercise the heart of the protection of the heart. Insist on running can increase the body's oxygen uptake, cardiac systolic and diastolic strengthen, increase coronary blood flow and prevent coronary artery hardening. (2) blood circulation and improve circulation. When running large lower limb muscles to relax contraction alternation, driven by a strong returning blood can reduce the pelvic and lower extremity venous stasis, to prevent venous thrombosis. The large amount of exercise treadmill exercise, can improve the blood fibrinolysis activity, the prevention of thrombosis. (3) the promotion of metabolism, weight control. Maintain a healthy weight is an important principle. Running as to promote metabolism, consume a large amount of blood sugar, reduce fatty deposit product, it is to insist on running the treatment of diabetes and obesity an effective "prescription." (4) to improve lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis prevention. Serum lipid cholesterol is too high, running through exercise, can decrease blood lipids, thus contributing to the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease and hardening of the arteries. (5) to enhance physical fitness, longevity. Movement is life, the more people exercise, the body's ability to adapt to the outside world, the stronger. 2. Running Fitness Act Fitness should be run strictly exercise. Decided to exercise the factors distance speed, intermittent time, the number of daily practice, the number of days a week to practice and so on. The beginning of practice running the frail who can be jogging a short distance, 50 meters from the start, gradually increased to 100 meters, 150 meters, 200 meters. The general speed of 100 m / 30 second-l00 m / 40 seconds. (1) slow long-distance race: Fitness is a typical run, the distance from 1,000 meters to start. Adapt to the After a week or every 2 weeks increase in the 1,000 meters, the general may be increased to 3000-6000 meters, will be in a better rate of 6-8 minutes in the 1,000 meters run. (2) line running exercise: running 30 seconds, 60 seconds walk, so as to reduce the burden on the heart, this line repeatedly run 20-30, 30-45 minutes total time. This line of running training applicable to those with poor cardiovascular fitness. The number of times to run: short-distance running and jogging every day can be a trip to practice the next day or 1; older every 2-3 days of 1st run, 20-30 minutes each time. Running in the footsteps of the best in line with their own breath, inhale three steps forward in the second run, after the three-step Zaipao second breath. When running, his arms before and after the outward swing a little more comfortable, upper body slightly forward, as far as possible to relax his muscles, usually for a good toe. 3. Notes (1) grasp the running of the indications and contraindications. Healthy middle-aged and elderly for the prevention of coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and weight control; diabetic patients with mild, moderate or low physical strength, enhance health and improve heart and lung function, exercise can be carried out jogging. Cirrhosis, the condition of instability tuberculosis, impact on the function of arthritis, severe diabetes, hyperthyroidism, severe anemia, bleeding tendency of patients with cardiovascular disease, such as valve disease, myocardial infarction, frequently running angina, and so should not be . (2) running immediately after a meal should be avoided, or at the very cold, hot, wet and windy weather. (3) to step-by-step running exercises. A short distance from the beginning of the slow speed, and capability to do run, there is room to run, do not make too tired or too heavy a burden on the heart. (4) run best in the morning, then exercise can run, bed general should not be running. Walking training method (1) common law to take a walk: slow (60-70 steps / minute) or speed (80-90 steps / minute) to take a walk every 30-60 minutes, can be used for general health. (2) fast walking: 5000-7000 meters per hour to walk, exercise every 30-60 minutes for the elderly in general and efforts to enhance weight loss, the maximum heart rate should be controlled at 120 / minutes. When you feel depressed, not to mention anything energy, may wish to quickly embark on ten minutes, so that we can to restore the psychological balance. (3) walk quantitative method (also known as the medical walk): 30 degrees slope on the way to take a walk 100 meters, after increasing to 50 degree slope of the 2,000 m walk on the road, or along the slope of 30 degrees -50 degrees for 15 minutes to take a walk on the road Then take a walk on the ground in 15 minutes. This law applies to diabetes, cardiovascular system in patients with chronic diseases and obesity. (4) Walking arm law: on foot when forced to move after swinging his arms, shoulders and chest to promote activities for chronic respiratory patients. (5) Mount abdominal law to take a walk: Walking on the side, the side of the abdominal massage for prevention and treatment of chronic indigestion and gastrointestinal diseases. (6) in light rain for a walk law: a walk in the rain than in the sunny walk more useful. Rain not only purify the polluted air, Yu Qian in the sun and rain in the early fall when a large number of negative ions also soothe the nerves Shu Qi, lower blood pressure. Walking in the rain, and rain also contribute to the elimination of human-induced depressed mood, makes people feel relaxed and happy. Drizzling as the natural cold bath, facial, scalp and skin for massage, it is God Kiyoshi Shuang, in addition to all Choufan. Four of the treatment of diabetes: medication For those of patients with serious illness, the movement alone, restaurants may not be able to control the disease. At this time on the need to adjust to the medication. The following is an introduction to some of the commonly used drugs. In patients with a doctor's recommendation under the guidance of use. Western medicine Sulfonylurea The first application of oral hypoglycemic agents, has now developed into the third generation, remains a clinical type 2 diabetes first-line drugs. Mainly through the stimulation of insulin secretion and play a role. Fasting and a half hours the best medicine. Shuanggua Lei Oral hypoglycemic agents in the veteran. Hypoglycemic effect certainly is not induced hypoglycemia, hypoglycemic effect than with the cardiovascular protective effects, such as the lipid, a small anti-blood agglutination plate, and so on, but with serious heart, liver, lung and kidney dysfunction in patients, is not recommended使用. In order to alleviate the drug's gastrointestinal side effects Shuanggua Lei, the general recommendation to take meal. Glucosidase inhibitors By inhibiting the intestinal epithelial cells on the surface of the glycosidase, delaying the absorption of carbohydrates (like a man-made cause, "Shaochiduocan"), thereby reducing postprandial blood glucose, it is suitable for those with a simple meal consisting mainly of patients with high blood sugar . Fasting or service that is the first I served with rice, and meals must contain certain carbohydrates (such as rice, flour, etc.) can have an effect. Thiazolidinedione The latest date of the oral hypoglycemic agents. For the insulin sensitizer, by increasing the peripheral tissue to insulin sensitivity and improve insulin resistance and lower blood sugar and improve insulin resistance related to a variety of low cardiovascular risk factors. Application of these drugs have to pay close attention to the process of liver function. Methylamine-acid derivatives In recent years, the development of non-promoting secretion of insulin Sulfonylurea agent, fast onset, a short time, the postprandial blood glucose effect of a good and effective, it is also known as the prandial glucose regulator. Before taking meals. Insulin Insulin is the type of many common classifications are: According to the classification of time Short-acting insulin: the most common kind of ordinary insulin, a colorless liquid, subcutaneous injection after the onset time of 20 to 30 minutes, the peak effect of 2 to 4 hours, the duration of 5 to 8 hours. Effect of insulin: also known as low-protamine zinc insulin, for the white turbid liquid, the onset time of 1.5 to 4 hours, the role of peak 6 to 10 hours, the duration of about 12 to 14 hours. Long-acting insulin: also known as protamine zinc insulin, but also for the white turbid liquid, the onset time of 3 to 4 hours, the role of the peak 14 to 20 hours, the duration of about 24 to 36 hours. Premixed insulin: In order to further adapt to the needs of insulin will import the short-acting agents and agents in effect (R and N) ratio of different mixed, effect of time in between pre-mixed insulin. According to the source of the classification Bovine insulin: from bovine pancreas extracted from the molecular structure of three amino acids and insulin were different, less effect, allergy-prone or insulin resistance. Animal insulin is the only advantage of cheaper prices. Patients can easily afford. Porcine insulin: from pig pancreas extracted from only one amino acid molecules in the human insulin and different than the effect of bovine insulin, bovine insulin side effects than less. At present, China is a multi-insulin porcine insulin. Human insulin: human insulin from the pancreas is not extracted from, but through genetic engineering production, higher purity, fewer side effects, but the more expensive price. Insulin are imported human insulin. A few days ago domestic production has gradually begun to have a capacity of the human insulin. According to the classification of insulin concentration U-40: 40 units / ml U-100: 100 units / ml, often dedicated to insulin pen. Domestic insulin are 40 units / ml, There are two types of insulin are abroad. In patients with insulin syringe before taking his own need to find out what is the use of insulin concentration, otherwise the consequences could be serious. Different concentrations of insulin have different purposes: U-40 for the conventional injection U-100 used insulin pen Prescription medicine Formula 1 Sheng Shigao 30 grams, 10 grams baicalin, Cortex, the Health Zhimu 15 grams, aspartate, Michael L, trichosanthin, the japonica 20 grams, 8 grams licorice Health System Usage: Shuijian Fu, a day. Indications: diabetes heat lung injury card Prescription 2 Habitat, the yam 20 grams, Schisandra, Michael L, the puerarin 10 grams, Gefen, sea and the Pumice 12 grams, 15 grams of pollen, 5 g Ji Nei Jin System Usage: Shui Jianfu Indications: diabetic kidney Yinxuyangkang card Prescription 3 Chi Xiaodou 30 grams, 40 grams Huai yam. A pig pancreas System Usage: Shuijian Fu, a day in order to reduce the degree of blood sugar. Indications: diabetes Prescription 4 Xi Guazai 50 grams, 30 grams japonica System Usage: Xi Guazai first and apparently water, the decoction to slag Qu Zhi, after the rice to make congee into. Any food. Indications: diabetes Feire injury Jin card Prescription 5 Xigua Pi, the wax gourd Paper 15 g, 12 g trichosanthin System Usage: decoction. 2 times a day, half of each. Indications: diabetes thirsty, cloudy urine disease Prescription 6 Health Baimao Gen 60-90 grams System Usage: decoction. On behalf of tea, a daily, even the clothes on the 10th. Indications: diabetes Prescription 7 Chinese yam, equivalent trichosanthin System Usage: decoction, 30 grams a day. Indications: diabetes Prescription 8 Sang cuttlebone 60g System Usage: Institute powder with water Chongfu, 6 grams each time, 3 times a day, to the more severe for. Indications: diabetic urine, thirst Prescription 9 Gefen, trichosanthin 30 grams of pig pancreas a System Usage: first slice of pig pancreatic Jianshui, transfer Gefen, trichosanthin swallow, a day, 3 hours service. Indications: diabetes and more drinking, more food Prescription 10 Zhimu, Radix, the dangshen 10 grams, 30 grams Shengshi Gao (Xian Jian), 12 grams Senate million, 18 grams habitat System Usage: Shui Jianfu Indications: diabetes and powerful evidence Jin Shang Wei Prescription 11 Habitat, the medlar 12 grams, winter days, Rosa, San cuttlebone, the son of Astragalus 10 grams, cornus officinalis, the Gorgon 15 grams, 30 grams yam System Usage: Shui Jianfu Indications: diabetes Shen Yin Deficiency card Prescription 12 30g sweet potato leaves System Usage: Shui Jianfu Indications: diabetes Prescription 13 Radix 10 grams, Angelica, the Chuanxiong 15 grams, Pueraria lobata, salvia, Astragalus, Leonurus, the yam 30g, Paeonia, 12 grams each Atractylodes System Usage: Shui Jianfu Indications: diabetes blood stasis card Prescription 14 Health Astragalus, Huang Jing, Pseudostellaria, the habitat 9 grams, 6 grams trichosanthin Use of the system: for the end of the study. 3 times a day, every 14 grams of water Chongfu. Indications: diabetes evidence Yin Deficiency Prescription 15 Huang Jing, salvia, raw land, the Senate million, Ophiopogon, Pueraria lobata, trichosanthin, yellow is the amount of System Usage: Shuijian Fu, a day. Indications: diabetic kidney disease liver and kidney Yin Deficiency folder silt card Prescription 16 50 grams of silkworm cocoon System Usage: branch out silkworm chrysalis, Jian Shui. On behalf of tea, a daily. Indications: diabetes thirsty to drink more, urine sugar remains in the lower Prescription 17 A pig pancreas Use of the system: low-temperature drying for the end of the chain as a pill honey. Every 15 grams of water service delivery, often taking. Indications: diabetes Prescription 18 Asp, Ophiopogon, Moreover, the Chishao 15 grams, baicalin, rhubarb (after) 10 grams, 6 grams Coptis, paeonol 12 grams, 30 grams Senate million, 60 grams of corn to be System Usage: Shui Jianfu Indications: Weire diabetes flourishing card Prescription 19 Yam 25 grams, 10 grams Coptis System Usage: Shui Jianfu Indications: diabetes thirsty, urine, good day Prescription 20 Lao Song 10 grams of tea System Usage: brewing water. On behalf of tea. Indications: diabetes Prescription 21 Moreover, the 15 grams of astragalus, meat, potato, psoralen, Schisandra 10 grams Senate yuan, Chinese yam, the Salvia 12 g, 6 g Atractylodes, 3 g cinnamon System Usage: Shui Jianfu Indications: yin and yang of the two diabetes Deficiency Prescription 22 Atractylodes 40-100 grams, 15-20 grams Aurantii, Ban Xia Qing, Tri, Ezhu, the puerarin 20-30 grams, 15 grams sinensis, 2-3 grams of money Sunburn car System Usage: Shuijian Fu. Qi and Canada who dangshen, Health Astragalus; liver depression increases were Radix, Artemisia; premature to increase lucidum, Qi Zi, cornus officinalis. Indications: diabetes Prescription 23 A fresh pig pancreas, Yiyiren 50 grams or 100 grams of astragalus System Usage: pig pancreas with water running water, cut a few films, with Yiyiren into a bowl, add water submerged. Ge Shuidun cooked with iron, adding salt and the amount transferred Indications: diabetes Prescription 24 Fresh celery, green radish 500 grams each, wax gourd 1000 grams, 120 grams green beans, pears 2 System Usage: first a little celery and boiled winter melon, white gauze around Qu Zhi, with green beans, pears, carrots were cooked green suit. Indications: diabetes Prescription 25 Osthol, lotus seeds to be, Cornus, the White Paper 10 g fresh, Alpinia vera, mulberry, Sunburn Astragalus, Chinese yam, Teng Yin-hua 30 grams, 15 grams of white Fuling, Galla, Ji Nei Jin (Yanmochongfu) 6 grams each, March 7 3 grams powder (Chong Fu) System Usage: Shui Jianfu Indications: diabetes Shen Yin Deficiency card Prescription 26 Dangshen 15 grams, 30 grams Salvia, the Senate million, the Radix 10 grams, 12 grams odoratum, Black Plum 30 System Usage: Shuijian Fu. Trichosanthin increase thirst worse, the increase of Greed thin stool stop Hawthorn. Indications: diabetes Prescription 27 Atractylodes, the Senate million, the Health Astragalus 30 grams, yam, Moreover, raw land, Codonopsis, Radix, Schisandra, Galla, the keel of Health, the Poria 10 grams System Usage: Shui Jianfu Indications: diabetes Qiyin two injured blood stasis use permit Prescription 28 100 grams of dry purslane System Usage: Shuijian Fu. A day, generally take 1 - 2 weeks to negative urine sugar. Indications: diabetes Prescription 29 10 loach, dry lotus leaf 3 Use of the system: dried loach Yan Mo, with the end of the lotus leaf blending. Each serving 10 grams, 3 times a day. Indications: diabetes Prescription 30 Bitter gourd 250 grams, 100 grams Bangrou System Usage: live mussels will be raised by 2 days of water to mud taste the net after the meat out of soup, seasoning You Yan, after the cooked food Bangrou and bitter gourd. Indications: diabetes Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Western medicine in the treatment of diabetes have the length, although purely western medicine treatment resistance that is easy to secondary failure, Wei Wan does not apply, side effects such as rashes, its hypoglycemic effect of quickly and easy to use, or the use of patients were willing to accept. Pure Chinese medicine treatment, no adverse reactions, and can control the clinical symptoms and complications, but the role of hypoglycemic slow efforts to smaller, but traditional Chinese and western medicine can improve the clinical symptoms, prevention and treatment of complications, and avoid drugs The adverse reactions and subsequent failure. At present, traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment of diabetes can be hard in three areas: ① looking at traditional Chinese and western medicine. Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation at the same time with small doses of Western medicine hypoglycemic agents may be a feasible way. It is worth noting that even small doses of hypoglycemic agents used in conjunction with Western medicine, but also based on dialectical materialism point of view, TCM and western medicine disease cleverly combined in a comprehensive study of patients with age, height, weight, the nature of the work, and so on Under specific circumstances, according to the fluctuations in blood glucose, the specific choice of the hypoglycemic Western medicine. ② based on the principle of TCM, who can acquire predecessors pharmacological research. Pharmacological Research by the significant hypoglycemic effect of traditional Chinese medicine has a beneficial effect of ginseng, astragalus, Huang Jing, Chinese yam, medlar, to yellow, Fuling, Faerie spleen, cornus officinalis, Angelica, and so on; Kiyotoshi with detoxification, and Qi Huoxue role Atractylodes, corn should be, Lai Chi nuclear, Galla, salvia, mulberry, Morus alba, Zhimu, guava and so on. In the clinical differentiation on the basis of rational drug selection, can enhance the effectiveness of treatment, but bearing in mind the election differentiation drugs will not be effective, such as Yang's body and voted by Zhimu, Atractylodes really like the non-desirable. ③ According to the local nature of the disease, specifically to the development of drugs specifically. Diabetes seize a card or a period of the main features of the pathogenesis, treatment to determine the principle of the development of drugs specifically dedicated to promising research. Traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment of diabetic characteristics (1) efficacy of traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment of diabetes high school, Chinese and Western medicine is based on their respective strengths and give full play to its long-term. If the hypoglycemic effects of Western medicine is good, fast effect; and traditional Chinese medicine to improve symptoms, hypoglycemic effect lasting no doubt the two combined, can enhance the effectiveness. Another, differentiation of Chinese medicine combined with Western medicine off a series of indicators of the audience, so its audience in the form of micro-macro in the Senate, so that the disease differentiation combination of scientific leap forward in a step, no doubt, "Treatment "The guide is also more precise, the need to improve efficacy. (2) TCM diabetes effect short-sheng Xu Re-clear, Yin Deficiency type, yin and yang-deficiency. Yin Deficiency with clinically-sized, compared with Yiqiyangyin rule. Qi, Yi Wan temperament help of the gong to-day after the country; Yin, Yang Shen Yin, Jiao Zi under the water, jump down inflammation of the fire, fire or water drop, in Jiao Jian Wan, so as to achieve lower Blood sugar. Chinese medicine with western medicine diagnosis and giving of treatment and then the hypoglycemic agents, so that Chinese and Western medicines play to their strengths, overcome common, an inevitable shortened course of treatment. (3) lasting effect of oral hypoglycemic agents methyl chloride C urea in the body lasted the longest, until only 72 hours; to Chinese ginseng, for example, experimental studies to reduce the ginsenosides alloxan on the islet B cell damage and With a certain degree of injury to promote the destruction of B cells, and to some extent with the promotion of B cells to repair the damage and proliferative capacity. Ginsenosides out after the hypoglycemic effect has been able to maintain 1 to 2 weeks. Therefore, traditional Chinese and western medicine, not only the role of hypoglycemic fast and durable. (4) avoid the role of Western medicine hypoglycemic effect soon, the role of reliable, but not significant improvement in symptoms. As part of the patient through oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin treatment, blood sugar, urine sugar under control, but there is still weak, then dry, insomnia, hyperhidrosis, and so on, and can make up for its lack of medicine. Insulin resistance and diabetes, often insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents can not drop in blood sugar, and the advantages of Chinese medicine Western medical treatment is in an inferior position, to fully display; diabetic ketoacidosis in a coma, and so on, fainted as a result I do not know who could do nothing at all oral, gastrointestinal absorption is more direct than intravenous drip. Therefore, intravenous infusion of insulin and add liquid is the best way, the traditional Chinese and western medicine can complement each other with each other, to make up for insufficient. (5) prevention and treatment of complications of diabetes early modern medical research that there is blood rheology changes in blood viscosity increased, the motherland and medicine, diabetes and more evidence is consistent with the congestion. And high blood sugar, high blood fat, high-viscosity, it was large and small vessel disease. Therefore, in order to prevent complications, from the beginning of the treatment of diabetes, hypoglycemic at the same time attention should be on lipid-lowering, the viscosity reduction. As a result of If for clinical complications, such as diabetic kidney disease, and so on, modern medicine can not reverse it, and traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of complications, there are unique. Five of the treatment of diabetes: other treatment Cupping therapy One method: (L) Selection (Figure 8): ① by the bladder: San Jiao Yu, Shenshu. Ren ②: Shihmen. ③ outside by the odd point: Jiaji Watson. ④ by the spleen: Sanyinjiao. (2) treatment: ① can stay Act: The Point after cupping in the tank to stay 10-20 minutes. ② tank platoon law: in the lumbar spine on both sides of the line of close-packed cans of law and can stay. ③ tank needle method: using acupuncture needle acupuncture points on a gas tank before leaving. Second method: (L) Cupping parts: the election point: Feishu, Pi Yu, Yu Sanjiao, Shenshu, Zusanli, Sanyinjiao, too Creek cave. (2): check point on, using a simple suction method cupping acupuncture points out, to stay for 10 minutes, 1 second per day. Or go back before the hole can, in the first paragraph Shenshu Feishu to smear lubricant, and then take the cans to the skin or skin flushing blockage point, the next day 1. Self-massage therapy Massage can be achieved through self-adjustment of yin and yang, qi and blood to reconcile, to clear the meridians, Buxu Kidney, the hot San Jiao Qing Xie, Yin and effectiveness of the spleen and so on. Diabetes self-massage to the chest and abdomen, back, upper and lower extremities, and other parts of the meridian, the main acupuncture points. Generally used to massage 30-40 times clockwise, then counterclockwise 30-40 times massage methods. At the same time, or right-hand man for the exchange of massage. 1. Massage kidney area After the bed and get up early, check seat, two-foot drop, with loose undress, back straight, with two hands. Shenshu point has been put back (lumbar spinous process in the second set to open next Cunban 1), the friction pressure up and down the kidney area 40 times, and then using spin-shun, against the 40 rotating friction. There are partial to warm feeling better. 2. Abdominal massage After the bed and get up early, check or sitting position, hands overlapping palm, palm will be placed under the abdomen, navel to the center, massage the palm of your hand clockwise around the umbilical 40-lap, 40 lap counter-clockwise massage. Massage the scope from small to big, from the inside out to be the Leigong down to the pubic symphysis. The power of massage from light to heavy, with patients able to tolerate, comfortable feel is appropriate. 3. Massage upper limb Massage to the site by the large intestine, heart, as the main way to do straight up and down or back and forth rubbing method mainly in the hands three years (mid-point of the elbow band under the 2-inch), outside the customs (wrist band back on the 2-inch , The radius and ulna between), Kwan (wrist band on the 2-inch, hand length and muscle cavity radius between the flexor carpi abdominal), He Gu (back, the first and second metacarpal bone, about flat in the second metacarpal Department mid-point) and so on acupuncture points on the push, Roudong 3 minutes. 4. Massage lower limbs Massage to the site by the spleen, kidney, as the main way to do a straight line back and forth or up and down the main rub method, in Zusanli (knee at the moment outside the 3-inch, tibial crest outside the former refers to the cross-1), Yanglingquan (bone fat Small depressions in the bottom of the first before), Quan Yin Ling (ankle medial tibia in the lower edge of depression), Sanyinjiao (malleolus on the 3-inch high, with the tibia side trailing edge), such as acupuncture points on the push, Roudong 3 minutes. 5. Massage Lao Gongxue The hole location on the second and third metacarpal bone, make a fist, finger in the next. Massage using pressure tactics, Rouca and so on, cross-right-hand man, a 10-minute operation of the Mei Xue, 2-3 times per day, from the time and place restrictions. We will draw on a small wooden, pen, and other blunt objects for massage. 6. Massage Yongquan Xue The hole location on foot (to toe) 1 / 3, toe plantar flexion was when depression. Massage using pressure tactics, Rouca and so on, cross-right-hand man, a 10-minute operation of the Mei Xue, the 1st day, sooner or later. Foot massage can also help blunt objects or self-massage.

Potentilla grass on diabetes prevention and treatment Role of the Clinical Research

Diabetes (diabetes mellitus, DM) is a chronic, multiple diseases, with more complications and morbidity have increased year by year trend, with cancer, cardiovascular disease was the same as the three diseases worldwide. Potentilla grass (Potentilla discolor Bge), also known as chicken abuse, child day lotus root, chicken Lake, feet, and so on grass, the rose family plant Potentilla grass root zone of grass-wide, are distributed all over the country, the Northeast, North China and other regions There are the same for its plant-wide Potentilla grass Potentilla grass used to do. Root with tannin and flavonoids, sweet, bitter, sex-, heat and cooling blood swelling of detoxification work and governance dysentery, malaria, blood, blood Dengzheng [1]. Shao Changping [2], and so on Potentilla grass mixture to observe the treatment of type 2 diabetes Yin Deficiency evidence of efficacy, Potentilla grass mixture from Potentilla grass, Astragalus, Chinese yam, Cortex, Polygonum multiflorum, and other components of the drug. Random group therapy, oral treatment group Potentilla grass mixture and Desha film, in the control group Desha oral tablets. 80 cases of treatment group, 51 cases of male, female 29 cases; the youngest 39 years old, maximum 68-year-old, with an average age of 55.4; history of diabetes 1 to 5 years in 34 cases, 6 to 10 years in 33 cases, 13 cases more than 10 years, with an average course of disease 6.4 years. Control group of 36 cases, 19 cases of men and women in 17 cases; the youngest 38 years old, maximum 67-year-old, with an average age of 54.3; history of diabetes 1 to 5 years in 15 cases, 6 to 10 years in 17 cases, more than 10 years, 4 cases, the average 6.3 years. No two cases of serious liver, kidney, heart, brain diseases and complications of diabetes, and sex, age, illness, disease, the difference was not statistically significant (P> 0.05). Comparable. Laboratory examination: fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose 2h, quantitative urine sugar, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), blood, urine and stool routine, liver and kidney function, and so on. The results showed that the treatment group than those in the treatment of various indicators significantly lower, statistically significant, P <0.01.> 0.05. Potentilla grass mixture treatment of type 2 diabetes Yin Deficiency permit the precise effect, found no obvious side effects. Ying Ma, Shao-Wen Chen [3] Potentilla grass with a certain degree of insulin secretion of 50 cases of type 2 diabetes patients were observed, compared to the changes in blood sugar. The treatment of 50 patients, male 26 cases, 24 cases of female, age 45 ~ 68 (58.0 ± 7.1) years old, the course of 1.5 ~ 14 (7.6 ± 3.6), body mass index (BMI)> 25 to 19 cases, of which the combined light 12 cases of severe hypertension, hyperlipidemia in 20 cases. FBG (11.82 ± 1.35) mmol / L. 40 cases in the control group, 18 cases of men and women in 22 cases, the average age of 46 ~ 69 (58.5 ± 7.1) years old, the course of 2 ~ 15 (7.7 ± 4.1) years, BMI> 25 to 12 cases, of which 9 cases of high blood pressure combined with mild , 5 cases of hyperlipidemia. FBG (11.58 ± 1.30) mmol / L. In the treatment group and control group of age constitute, BMI, FBG, and so there was no significant difference between the two groups comparable. Two groups of patients had regular exercise and strict diet, oral metformin treatment in the control group, treatment group on this basis, at the same time give Potentilla grass 30g / d, on behalf of tea. 30-day course of treatment for 1, 2, after the assessment of treatment efficacy. The overall results of the efficacy of the treatment group was better than the control group, P <0.05. Potentilla grass glucose in the treatment group compared with the control group there was a significant difference (P <0.05). Wang Zhenqing [4] containing Potentilla grass-ling treatment of 105 cases of diabetes in patients with diabetes, in which men and 55 cases, 50 cases of women; age 30 to 63 years old; course of 6 to 24 years; glucose 12 ~ 26mmol / L, blood levels of insulin ( 7.5 ± 4) mU / L; complicated by diabetes 36 cases of kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy in 11 cases, 4 cases of diabetic foot, diabetic peripheral neuropathy in 19 cases, 3 cases of cerebral infarction, 6 cases of coronary heart disease, high blood lipids in 10 cases, 11 cases of high cholesterol. Every 20 days fasting blood glucose measured using real sugar law; cholesterol, triglycerides, using enzyme method; hemorheology indicators, using enzyme method; every 10 days, 1 Ci Chen urine sugar as measured using conventional Law. The results of 71 cases were cured, accounting for 67.6 percent; effect those 30 cases, accounting for 28.6 percent; effective in 2 cases, accounting for 1.9 percent; ineffective in 2 cases, accounting for 1.9 percent. 98.1 percent efficient. Fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, whole blood viscosity, whole blood viscosity reduction and treatment of earlier P <0.01, than the plasma viscosity, fibrinogen and treatment of earlier P <0.05, both statistically significant. Kang Chang-ling [5], and so on the 37 cases of type 2 DM with abnormal lipid metabolism Potentilla grass treatment, 20 cases in which men and women in 17 cases, the average age (60.05 ± 11.58) years old, with an average body mass index (BMI) 23.7 ± 2.5. Pre-treatment of other lipid-lowering drugs out of at least a month, which Application of 32 cases of Shuanggua Lei, sulfonylureas and acarbose drug treatment, 5 cases of application of insulin therapy. All objects better control of blood glucose, fasting blood glucose ≤ 6.5mmol / L, postprandial 2h blood glucose ≤ 10.1mmol / L. Potentilla grass with 30g / d, decoction, and after meals of oral morning. Taking medication before and after weeks 4, 8 were taken on an empty stomach for blood glucose, blood lipids, blood rheology testing. Determination of blood lipids, including triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A (ApoA), apolipoprotein B (ApoB ), Including blood rheology viscosity of whole blood, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, hematocrit. Observation period to monitor the treatment of liver and kidney function. Using statistical analysis of both X ± s said that the group used to compare t check. The results of triglycerides, cholesterol, blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, hematocrit, apolipoprotein B (ApoB) lower than before treatment. One triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and the viscosity of whole blood before treatment, the difference was significant (P <0.05), cholesterol, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, compared with the pre-treatment difference was significant (P <0.01). Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Laboratory of Chemical Plant [6] Potentilla grass for the first time from the methanol extracts isolated compounds 6, respectively flavonoid glycosides and triterpenes. Chen Keji, and so that [7], flavonoids can affect the function of islet cells, B, the three can be Terpenoids material impact on glucose metabolism. In recent years, many Chinese and foreign scholars from plants, separation has a variety of pharmacological activities of compounds, including flavonoids on quite a number of great importance to and from the point of view of diabetes and its complications mechanism to explore its main mechanism of action is to remove free Based, anti-lipid peroxidation and non-enzymatic glycation damage; impact of β-cell function; around the promotion of cell, tissue and target organ for the use of sugar; anti-inflammatory, and enhance immune function; inhibiting aldose reductase; microcirculation and so on. Such as quercetin [8 to 10], silymarin [11], hesperidin [12] in the removal of free radicals, anti-lipid peroxidation and correct the fat and protein metabolism has been reported. Quercetin can significantly reduce the STZ diabetic rats serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, the lipid peroxide content, while no effect on blood sugar in normal rats. Organization of the kidney on lipid peroxide (LPO) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), pentosi ˉ dine and lipid peroxide fluorescent adducted significantly inhibit urinary albumin excretion decreased, GBM Stromal hyperplasia and showed some improvements. Li Fu, etc. [10] reported that quercetin on experimental diabetic rat heart protective effect, may be related to the removal of free radicals, such as cholesterol-lowering biological activity. QU to explore in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease mechanisms, silymarin diabetic rats by inhibiting the aorta and kidney glycation and oxidation of non-control of chronic vascular complications of diabetes and diabetic kidney disease. Hesperidin in inhibiting protease glycosylation, the prevention of diabetes complications and Aminoguanidine has a similar effect. , The flavonoids anti-diabetes and its complications pharmacological research for the role of animal testing stage, clinical trials report only a small number. In recent years, scholars at home and abroad, of natural medicine and traditional Chinese medicine attaches great importance to the study. Flavonoids source of drug development, the new extract the active ingredients and pharmacological effects, so that it expanded the scope of clinical applications, and its mechanism of action and pharmacological research is still the focus of future research. Potentilla grass of flavonoids drug side effects, not only reduces blood sugar, can also enhance the role of heat-clearing and detoxifying the body immune function, prevention and treatment DM complications, and its low price, great value for development. With modern medicine, the rapid development of science and technology, it is necessary to do an in-depth study on its mechanism of action, in order to promote the clinical application of the treatment of diabetes and its complications and new drug research and development and provide a theoretical basis.

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels, which result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes (as it will be in this article) was first identified as a disease associated with 搒weet urine," and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine. Normally, blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose elevates (for example, after eating food), insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose level. In patients with diabetes, the absence or insufficient production of insulin causes hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a chronic medical condition, meaning that although it can be controlled, it lasts a lifetime.
What is the impact of diabetes?
Over time, diabetes can lead to blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage. These types of damage are the result of damage to small vessels, referred to as microvascular disease. Diabetes is also an important factor in accelerating the hardening and narrowing of the arteries
atherosclerosis), leading to strokes, coronary heart disease, and other large blood vessel diseases. This is referred to as macrovascular disease. Diabetes affects approximately 17 million people (about 8% of the population) in the United States. In addition, an estimated additional 12 million people in the United States have diabetes and don't even know it. From an economic perspective, the total annual cost of diabetes in 1997 was estimated to be 98 billion dollars in the United States. The per capita cost resulting from diabetes in 1997 amounted to $10,071.00; while healthcare costs for people without diabetes incurred a per capita cost of $2,699.00. During this same year, 13.9 million days of hospital stay were attributed to diabetes, while 30.3 million physician office visits were diabetes related. Remember, these numbers reflect only the population in the United States. Globally, the statistics are staggering.
Insufficient production of insulin (either absolutely or relative to the body's needs), production of defective insulin (which is uncommon), or the inability of cells to use insulin properly and efficiently leads to hyperglycemia and diabetes. This latter condition affects mostly the cells of muscle and fat tissues, and results in a condition known as "insulin resistance." This is the primary problem in type 2 diabetes. The absolute lack of insulin, usually secondary to a destructive process affecting the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas, is the main disorder in type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, there also is a steady decline of beta cells that adds to the process of elevated blood sugars. For more, please read the Insulin Resistance article. Essentially, if someone is resistant to insulin, the body can, to some degree, increase production of insulin and overcome the level of resistance. After time, if production decreases and insulin cannot be released as vigorously, hyperglycemia develops.
Glucose is a simple sugar found in food. Glucose is an essential nutrient that provides energy for the proper functioning of the body cells. Carbohydrates are broken down in the small intestine and the glucose in digested food is then absorbed by the intestinal cells into the bloodstream, and is carried by the bloodstream to all the cells in the body where it is utilized. However, glucose cannot enter the cells alone and needs insulin to aid in its transport into the cells. Without insulin, the cells become starved of glucose energy despite the presence of abundant glucose in the bloodstream. In certain types of diabetes, the cells' inability to utilize glucose gives rise to the ironic situation of "starvation in the midst of plenty". The abundant, unutilized glucose is wastefully excreted in the urine.
Insulin is a hormone that is produced by specialized cells (beta cells) of the pancreas. (The pancreas is a deep-seated organ in the abdomen located behind the stomach.) In addition to helping glucose enter the cells, insulin is also important in tightly regulating the level of glucose in the blood. After a meal, the blood glucose level rises. In response to the increased glucose level, the pancreas normally releases more insulin into the bloodstream to help glucose enter the cells and lower blood glucose levels after a meal. When the blood glucose levels are lowered, the insulin release from the pancreas is turned down. It is important to note that even in the fasting state there is a low steady release of insulin than fluctuates a bit and helps to maintain a steady blood sugar level during fasting. In normal individuals, such a regulatory system helps to keep blood glucose levels in a tightly controlled range. As outlined above, in patients with diabetes, the insulin is either absent, relatively insufficient for the body's needs, or not used properly by the body. All of these factors cause elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by a congenital (similar to juvenile-onset or Type I diabetes mellitus in people) or acquired (similar to adult-onset or Type II diabetes mellitus in people) inability to transport sugar from the bloodstream into cells. Once inside cells, sugar (glucose) is used to generate the energy that is essential for normal cellular function. Diabetes in animals is most commonly the acquired form and typically occurs in middle-aged to older pets. The disease results when glucose transport channels on cell membranes are insensitive to the effects of insulin (or when there are too few channels) or when the quantity of insulin produced by the pancreas is inadequate to activate the number of glucose channels needed to maintain normal cellular metabolism. In other words, insulin is the “key” that allows special “gates” for sugar transport across cell membranes to be opened. A diabetic, therefore, has too much glucose in the bloodstream where most of it cannot be utilized, and not enough glucose within the cells themselves, where it is most needed for energy. As a result, cells attempt to derive energy from alternate metabolic pathways, such as fat breakdown. Excessive use of these alternate energy pathways culminates in production of harmful by-products called ketones. The accumulation of ketones causes the body’s pH to become acidic (ketoacidosis) which makes the cellular environment inhospitable for normal metabolic functions. This condition can ultimately become life-threatening and requires aggressive medical therapy.
Fortunately, most diabetics give some indication of their underlying condition, such as drinking and urinating excessively, before they develop ketoacidosis. Treating diabetics before they become ketotic is considerably more straightforward, safer, and of course less expensive than taking a "wait-and-see" approach to changes in drinking behavior. Equally important, diagnostic testing may reveal other serious conditions which can cause excessive urination and drinking, such as kidney or liver disease, adrenal hormone or electrolyte imbalances and uterus infections.

Diabetes mellitus

Key words :
low blood sugar in type 2 diabetes glucose monitoring of blood glucose CGMS drift Abstract Objective glucose monitoring system (CGMS) study of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) treatment to strengthen the process of the characteristics of low blood sugar occur. (1) the subjects were divided into insulin in the treatment group, sulfonylurea in the treatment group and Novo-long treatment group; (2) of the CGMS with 66 cases of patients with T2DM in a stable blood sugar after 72 h blood glucose monitoring, during which the fingertip blood glucose monitoring Spectrum and enter the correction to CGMS, according to the pattern of blood glucose measured in each group to observe the characteristics of low blood sugar occur. And each of the patients with blood sugar testing or related hormones, lower blood sugar occurs when blood sugar and low-sugar or hormone-related differences and similarities. Results (1) the group of low blood sugar more than 12:00,21:00 ~ 11:00 to 5:00 the next day took place, found in up to 2:00. (2) 3 h after meal after meal blood sugar than 2 h can better predict the occurrence of low blood sugar. (3), hypoglycemia, or sugar-related hormone did not change significantly. (4) of insulin Sulfonylurea the treatment group than in the treatment group, the Snow Dragon and hypoglycemia in the treatment group were significantly higher. Concluding CGMS be able to find timely and accurate low-sugar, low blood sugar understanding of the factors and the impact of low blood sugar after the reaction to guide clinical treatment, the development of targeted therapies. Drift of glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus observed with continuous glucose monitoring system LI Xiang-dong, LI Su-zhen.Kuerle Second People's Hospital, Kuerle 841001, China [Abstract] Objective To study drift of glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). Methods 66 patients were analyzed to assess incidence of hypoglycemia in patients treated with insulin, sulfonylureas and non-sulfonylureas, respectively, and to obtain characteristic of the hypoglycemia and the level of anti-insulin hormone when hypoglycemia occurred.Results (1) The majority of hypoglycemia occurved during 11:00 ~ 12:00,21:00 ~ 5:00, especially at 2 : 00; (2) Compared with the 2 h postprandial glucose, the 3 h postprandial glucose significantly predicted the incidence of hypoglycemia before next meal; (3) The levels of anti-insulin hormone didn't change significantly when hypoglycemia appeared; (4 ) The frequency of hypoglycemia increased remarkably in group treated with sul-fonylureas compared with that of insulin and non-sulfonylureas.Conclusion CGMS can reflect the characteristic of hypoglycemia accurately and offer valuable inform-ation for us about clinical therapy. [Key words] type 2 diabetes mellitus; blood glucose monitoring, tendencies; glucose drift Blood glucose monitoring is reflected in diabetes patients, an important indicator to guide treatment. In recent years, as a result of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients with strict control of blood sugar and to promote the application of early intensive insulin treatment of T2DM, so that the possibility of occurrence of low blood sugar significantly increased. Some of the patients in the treatment of blood sugar during the volatile, with treatment more difficult. Although the fingertip for testing blood sugar spectrum in a timely manner and objectively reflect the changes in blood sugar in diabetic patients, we have been recognized as the most common and most convenient way of a check, but only glucose determination of the moment, the lack of continuity, and due to take The number of frequent blood have been difficult for patients to accept. Applications Division I glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in patients with T2DM on the blood glucose monitoring and analysis of the report are as follows. 1 target and method 1.1 target in March 2006 to June 2007 in the second Korla City People's Hospital of Internal Medicine T2DM patients treated 66 patients, are in line with the 1999 WHO diagnostic criteria. 35 cases in which men and women 3l cases, the average age (58 ± 6) years old, the course l ~ 20 years. 1.2 (1) the subjects were divided into insulin in the treatment group (including pre-mixed insulin aspart and 30), sulfonylurea in the treatment group and the Novo-long treatment group, more than 3, if necessary, a joint group to promote non-insulin secretion agent. (2) of the patients were hospitalized for diabetes health education in diabetes doctors carried out under the guidance of diabetes diet, by the medical staff to guide the activities and accept the oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin treatment, or both combined, the next day to monitor blood sugar finger spectrum, According to the results of blood sugar dose adjustments, so that the fasting blood glucose control in the 6 ~ 7 mmol / L, postprandial 2h blood glucose control in 8 ~ 9 mmol / L. (3) the stability of blood glucose after 72 h application CGMS monitor blood sugar, during which the tip of finger to monitor blood sugar and enter the spectrum to be calibrated. Health care by guiding patients with hypoglycemic drug application records, diet, exercise and so on, and record the specific amount of food and diet, exercise intensity and time, with or without hunger, cold sweat, nervous, dizziness, as the material does not change, and so on. (4) If the patients have a typical response to low blood sugar or glucose test finger <4 2 =" 10.633," p =" 0.005)." 2 =" 1.614," p =" 0.204)," 2 =" 9.139," p =" 0.003),"> 0.05) . Table 3 group of low blood sugar and blood sugar normal blood sugar all day in a row compared with Table 3 shows that postprandial hyperglycemia 3h well in the forecast before going to bed before dinner and low blood sugar, in their 6 mmol / L below, before and during dinner Low blood sugar before going to bed have taken place in 6 mmol / L over, most of the blood sugar in normal range. And 2 h after meal at the average of 6.3 ~ 8.5 mmol / L, although in the control of blood sugar goals, but before going to bed and have dinner before the occurrence of hypoglycemia. 3 discussion CGMS is a new means of monitoring blood sugar, which overcame the fingertip test blood glucose spectrum repeated needle can not be continuous monitoring of blood glucose, and other defects, with continuous and accurate Video, without pain and without prejudice to the merits of daily life, and so on. And download configuration, system analysis, a comprehensive understanding of blood sugar in diabetic patients, found that blood sugar level is too high or too low, and system analysis. At present, insulin for treatment of patients with T1DM and gestational diabetes patients to monitor blood glucose [1 ~ 3], and have achieved good results. To sum up, CGMS is an ideal means of monitoring blood sugar, especially at night with low blood sugar monitoring is all the more important [4]. However, their fingers and capillary blood glucose monitoring and blood glucose value the existence of consistency yet to be further study [6]. Low blood sugar is the sugar concentration below 2.8 mmol / L (50 mg / dl), central nervous system due to the lack of energy sources, the emergence of dysfunction. For the body, this is a strong stress, to the early symptoms of autonomic nervous system in particular, excited sympathetic mainly for the performance of the heart palpitations, weakness, sweating, hunger, pale, tremor, nausea, vomiting, and other long-term Low blood sugar, can lead to central nervous system damage, severe low blood sugar than would appear vague sense of mental disorders, paralysis of limbs, incontinence, drowsiness, coma and so on. As the body's blood sugar in diabetic patients with poor conditioning, especially in the use of hypoglycemic drugs to stimulate insulin secretion or injection of insulin, leading to insulin and glucagon loss of balance, low blood sugar significantly increase the probability of occurrence. This study on the treatment of different groups hypoglycemia χ2 analysis of the situation and found that with insulin in the treatment group and the Snow Dragon and the treatment group compared to sulfonylurea group the incidence of hypoglycemia highest, with a statistically significant difference (χ2 = 9.139, P = 0.003), which may sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic agents and the role of a strong metabolism for a long time and easy-related accumulation in the body. The study also found that 3 h postprandial blood glucose in the forecast before going to bed before dinner and the incidence of low blood sugar than 2 h postprandial blood glucose is more sensitive. As shown in Table 3, 2 h postprandial blood glucose in the average 6.3 ~ 8.5 mmol / L, according to the ADA standards to achieve the target blood sugar control, and 3 h postprandial blood glucose in the 4.8 ~ 6.7 mmol / L. When the 3 h postprandial blood glucose> 6 mmol / L, in the pre-dinner and bedtime blood sugar in normal range, and when 3 h postprandial blood glucose <6> 0.05), may be long-term blood sugar caused by nerve disorder - caused by endocrine dysfunction. This study found that three groups of patients with low blood sugar more than 11:00 to 12:00, 21:00 to 5:00 occurred, the most seen at 2:00. Night of a longer duration of hypoglycemia. For older patients with diabetes, low blood sugar more than the harm of high blood sugar, serious long-term recurrent low blood sugar can lead to irreversible central nervous system damage caused by variations in patients with personality, mental disorders, dementia and so on. At the same time, low blood sugar can stimulate the heart and brain vascular system, lead to cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, stroke, and so on. Low blood sugar had been misdiagnosed as heart and cerebrovascular diseases are often reported. Low blood sugar found in a coma for too long can lead to the death of the incident. Elderly patients with T2DM than hypoglycemia at night, can not easily be detected, the great danger that can be taken to a small number of meals before going to bed at night so as to effectively prevent low blood sugar.



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